*CLOAD

Specify concentrated forces and moments.

This option is used to apply concentrated forces and moments at any node in the model. The CLOAD option can also be used to specify concentrated buoyancy, drag, and inertia loads in an Abaqus/Aqua analysis.

Applying concentrated loads
Applying Abaqus/Aqua loads

Applying concentrated loads

Required parameter for reading concentrated nodal force from an output database file

FILE: Set this parameter equal to the name of the output database file from which the data are to be read. The file extension is optional.

Required parameter for cyclic symmetry models in steady-state dynamics analyses

CYCLIC MODE: Set this parameter equal to the cyclic symmetry mode number of loads that are applied in the current steady-state dynamics procedure.

Optional parameters

AMPLITUDE

Set this parameter equal to the name of the amplitude curve that defines the magnitude of the load during the step.

If this parameter is omitted in an Abaqus/Standard analysis, the reference magnitude is applied immediately at the beginning of the step or linearly over the step, depending on the value assigned to the AMPLITUDE parameter on the STEP option (see Defining an analysis). If this parameter is omitted in an Abaqus/Explicit analysis, the reference magnitude is applied immediately at the beginning of the step.

FOLLOWER

Include this parameter if the direction of the load is assumed to rotate with the rotation at this node.

This parameter should be used only for large-displacement analysis and can be used only at nodes with active rotational degrees of freedom (such as the nodes of beam or shell elements).

Concentrated buoyancy, drag, and fluid inertia loads in Abaqus/Aqua analyses are automatically considered to be follower forces, so this parameter is not necessary in those cases.

In general, UNSYMM=YES should be used on the STEP option in conjunction with the FOLLOWER parameter in DYNAMIC and STATIC analyses in Abaqus/Standard. The UNSYMM parameter is ignored in eigenvalue analyses (such as BUCKLE or FREQUENCY) since Abaqus/Standard can perform an eigenvalue extraction only on symmetric matrices.

INC

This parameter is relevant only when the FILE parameter is used.

Set this parameter equal to the increment in the selected step of the previous analysis from which the concentrated nodal forces will be read. By default, the concentrated nodal forces will be read from the last increment of the step specified on the STEP parameter or from the last step if the STEP parameter is omitted.

LOAD CASE

This parameter applies only to Abaqus/Standard analyses.

Set this parameter equal to the load case number. This parameter is used in RANDOM RESPONSE analysis (Random response analysis), when it is the cross-reference for the load case on the CORRELATION option. The parameter's value is ignored in all other procedures.

OP

Set OP=MOD (default) for existing CLOADs to remain, with this option modifying existing concentrated loads or defining additional concentrated loads.

Set OP=NEW if all existing CLOADs applied to the model should be removed. New concentrated loads can be defined.

REGION TYPE

This parameter applies only to Abaqus/Explicit analyses.

This parameter is relevant only for concentrated loads applied on the boundary of an adaptive mesh domain. If concentrated loads are applied to nodes in the interior of an adaptive mesh domain, these nodes will always follow the material.

Set REGION TYPE=LAGRANGIAN (default) to apply a concentrated load to a node that follows the material (nonadaptive).

Set REGION TYPE=SLIDING to apply a concentrated load to a node that can slide over the material. Mesh constraints are typically applied to the node to fix it spatially.

Set REGION TYPE=EULERIAN to apply a concentrated load to a node that can move independently of the material. This option is used only for boundary regions where the material can flow into or out of the adaptive mesh domain. Mesh constraints must be used normal to an Eulerian boundary region to allow material to flow through the region. If no mesh constraints are applied, an Eulerian boundary region will behave in the same way as a sliding boundary region.

STEP

This parameter is relevant only when the FILE parameter is used.

Set this parameter equal to the step number of the previous analysis from which the concentrated nodal forces will be read. By default, the concentrated nodal forces will be read from the last step of the previous analysis.

Optional, mutually exclusive parameters for matrix generation and steady-state dynamics analysis

IMAGINARY: Include this parameter to define the imaginary (out-of-phase) part of the loading.
REAL: Include this parameter (default) to define the real (in-phase) part of the loading.

Data lines to define concentrated loads for specific degrees of freedom

First line

Node number or node set label.
Degree of freedom.
Reference magnitude for load.

Repeat this data line as often as necessary to define concentrated loads.

Applying Abaqus/Aqua loads

Optional parameters

AMPLITUDE

Set this parameter equal to the name of the amplitude curve that defines the magnitude of the load during the step. If this parameter is omitted, the reference magnitude is applied immediately at the beginning of the step or linearly over the step, depending on the value assigned to the AMPLITUDE parameter on the STEP option (see Defining an analysis).

OP

Set OP=MOD (default) for existing CLOADs to remain, with this option modifying existing concentrated loads or defining additional concentrated loads.

Set OP=NEW if all existing CLOADs applied to the model should be removed.

Data lines to define concentrated buoyancy forces

First line

Node number or node set label.
Concentrated load type label, TSB.
Magnitude factor, M. The default value is 1.0. This factor will be scaled by any AMPLITUDE specification associated with this CLOAD option.
Exposed area.
Give the following direction cosines in the local coordinate system if the TRANSFORM option was used at this node:
X-direction cosine of the outward normal to the exposed area, pointing into the fluid, in the initial configuration.
Y-direction cosine of the outward normal to the exposed area, pointing into the fluid, in the initial configuration.
Z-direction cosine of the outward normal to the exposed area, pointing into the fluid, in the initial configuration.
The following data should be provided only if it is necessary to change the fluid properties specified under the AQUA option, as described in Buoyancy loads. Gravity waves do not affect the buoyancy loading when any external fluid property is overridden.
Density of the fluid outside the element.
Free surface elevation of the fluid outside the element.
Constant pressure, added to the hydrostatic pressure outside the element.

Repeat this data line as often as necessary to define concentrated buoyancy at various nodes or node sets.

Data lines to define concentrated fluid drag loading

First line

Node number or node set label.
Concentrated load type label, TFD (fluid) or TWD (wind).
Magnitude factor, M. The default value is 1.0. This factor will be scaled by any AMPLITUDE specification associated with this CLOAD option.
Exposed area, $Δ A$ .
Drag coefficient, $C_{n}$ .
Structural velocity factor, $α_{R}$ . The default value is 1.0 if this entry is left blank or set equal to 0.0.
For load type TFD, name of the AMPLITUDE curve used for scaling steady current velocities ( $A_{c}$ ). For load type TWD, name of the AMPLITUDE curve used for scaling the local x-direction wind velocity ( $A_{x}$ ). If this data item is blank, the velocities are not scaled ( $A_{c} = 1$ or $A_{x} = 1$ ).
For load type TFD, name of the AMPLITUDE curve used for scaling wave velocities ( $A_{w}$ ). For load type TWD, name of the AMPLITUDE curve used for scaling the local y-direction wind velocity ( $A_{y}$ ). If this data item is blank, the velocities are not scaled ( $A_{w} = 1$ or $A_{y} = 1$ ).

Second line

Give the following direction cosines in the local coordinate system if the TRANSFORM option was used at this node:

X-direction cosine of the outward normal to the exposed transition section area, pointing into the fluid, in the initial configuration.
Y-direction cosine of the outward normal to the exposed transition section area, pointing into the fluid, in the initial configuration.
Z-direction cosine of the outward normal to the exposed transition section area, pointing into the fluid, in the initial configuration.

Repeat this pair of data lines as often as necessary to define concentrated fluid or wind drag loading at various nodes or node sets.

Data lines to define concentrated fluid inertia loading

First line

Node number or node set label.
Load type label, TSI.
Magnitude factor, M. The default value is 1.0. This factor will be scaled by any AMPLITUDE specification associated with this CLOAD option.
Tangential inertia coefficient, $K_{t s}$ .
Fluid acceleration shape factor for the tangential inertia term, $F_{1 s}$ .
Tangential added-mass coefficient, $L_{t s}$ .
Structural acceleration shape factor for the tangential inertia term, $F_{2 s} .$
Name of the AMPLITUDE curve to be used for scaling fluid particle accelerations ( $A_{w}$ ). If this data item is blank, the fluid particle accelerations are not scaled ( $A_{w} = 1$ ).

Second line

Give the following direction cosines in the local coordinate system if the TRANSFORM option was used at this node:

X-direction cosine of the outward normal to the exposed transition section area, pointing into the fluid, in the initial configuration.
Y-direction cosine of the outward normal to the exposed transition section area, pointing into the fluid, in the initial configuration.
Z-direction cosine of the outward normal to the exposed transition section area, pointing into the fluid, in the initial configuration.

Repeat this pair of data lines as often as necessary to define concentrated fluid inertia loading for various nodes or node sets.